| 2992049214 | Aquaporins | common in cells involved in water; A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane EX: kidneys use them to filter water |  | 0 |
| 2992078068 | Fluid Mosaic Model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of individually inserted protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |  | 1 |
| 2992086323 | Selective Permeability | it allows some substances to cross more easily than others |  | 2 |
| 2992092737 | Attachment protein | proteins that attach to the extracellular matrix and cytoskeleton help support the membrane and can coordinate external and internal changes | | 3 |
| 2992107167 | receptor protein | signaling molecules bind to receptor protein which relay messages by activating other molecules inside the cell | | 4 |
| 2992110078 | Active transport protein | transport proteins allow specific ions or molecules to enter or exit the cell | | 5 |
| 2992112732 | Glycoprotein | may serve as ID tag that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells | | 6 |
| 2992127338 | biological membrane | built by phospholipids & proteins; Largest and most primitive organelle that gives compartmentalization; semi-permeable; lipids make it impermeable to water and proteins are used for transport | | 7 |
| 2992136986 | In the origin of the cell, why would the formation of a simple lipid bilayer membrane not be sufficient? & what else would have to be apart of such membrane? | The membrane would need embedded proteins that could regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell. | | 8 |
| 2992146628 | Diffusion | the tendency for particles of any substance to spread out into the available space |  | 9 |
| 2992152459 | concentration gradient | An increase or decrease in the density of a chemical substance in an area. Cells often maintain concentration gradients of ions across their membranes. When a gradient exists, the ions or other chemical substances involved tend to move from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. |  | 10 |
| 2992163324 | dynamic equilibrium | solutions on both side will at a point have equal concentrations on both sides and molecules still move back and forth, but there is no net change in concentration on either side of the membrane | | 11 |
| 2992171858 | passive transport | Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient |  | 12 |
| 2992177172 | Traffic across the cell membrane mostly occurs by? | diffusion |  | 13 |
| 2992179717 | why is diffusion across a membrane called passive transport? | the cell does not expend energy to transport substances that are diffusing down their concentration gradients. | | 14 |
| 2992187426 | what is one of the most important substances that crosses membranes by passive transport? | water | | 15 |
| 2992190696 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |  | 16 |
| 2992205599 | solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. | | 17 |
| 2992222064 | list as high or low solute concentration- 0.5% & 2% | 0.5% = lower solute concentration & 2% = higher solute concentration | | 18 |
| 2992223373 | tonicity | the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water; depends on its concentration of solutes relative to the concentration of solutes inside the cell | | 19 |
| 2992676759 | isotonic | the cells volume remains constant | | 20 |
| 2992737459 | what way is red blood cells transported in the blood? | isotonic plasma | | 21 |
| 2992738961 | hypotonic | a solution with a solute concentration lower than that of the cell | | 22 |
| 2992741333 | hypertonic | Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. | | 23 |
| 2992743785 | osmoregulation | In animals; a way to survive in hypotonic and hypertonic; to prevent excessive uptake or loss of water and regulate the solute concentration of its body fluids |  | 24 |
| 2992749340 | osmoregulation (plants) | differ due to cell walls; hypotonic plants usually are turgid or very firm which is healthy and will exert back a turgor pressure to ensure it will not take in too much ; when there is not net movement the plant is flaccid or limp | | 25 |
| 2992766113 | plasmolysis | A phenomenon in walled cells in which the cytoplasm shrivels and the plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall; occurs when the cell loses water to a hypertonic environment. |  | 26 |
| 2992770665 | facilitated diffusion | A process in which substances are transported across a plasma membrane with the concentration gradient with the aid of carrier (transport) proteins; does not require the use of energy. |  | 27 |
| 2992803333 | active transport | a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient - that is across the membrane toward the side where the solute is more concentrated; allows a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules and ions that are different from concentrations in its surrounding |  | 28 |
| 2994793902 | cells actively transport Ca2+ out of the cell. Is calcium more concentrated inside or outside of the cell? | outside: active transport moves against its concentration gradient | | 29 |
| 2994803998 | exocytosis | the movement of materials out of a cell by the fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane (used in large cells) |  | 30 |
| 2994820840 | endocytosis | a transport process through which a cell takes in large molecules |  | 31 |
| 2994825162 | phagocytosis | "cellular eating" |  | 32 |
| 2994832890 | pseudopodia | extensions |  | 33 |
| 2994842424 | receptor-mediated endocytosis | enables a cell to acquire specific solutes |  | 34 |
| 2994868148 | low-density lipoproteins | LDLs; the form of lipoprotein in which cholesterol is transported in the blood. | | 35 |
| 2994878820 | atherosclerosis | A disorder in which cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to partial or complete blockage of blood flow. | | 36 |
| 2994884929 | as a cell grows, its plasma membrane expands. does this involve endocytosis or exocytosis? | Exocytosis: when a transport vesicle fusses with the plasma membrane its contents are released and the vesicle membrane adds to the plasma membrane | | 37 |
| 2994913523 | energy | the capacity to cause change or to preform work | | 38 |
| 2994920144 | Kinetic energy | the energy of motion |  | 39 |
| 2994923200 | Thermal energy | a type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules | | 40 |
| 2995024999 | heat | thermal energy in transfer from one object to another | | 41 |
| 2995033441 | potential energy | second main form of energy, is energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure | | 42 |
| 2995037936 | chemical energy | the potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction | | 43 |
| 2995051347 | thermodynamics | study of energy transformation that occurs in a collection of matter | | 44 |
| 2995052979 | system | word used by scientists for the matter under study and refer to the rest of the universe | | 45 |
| 2995056760 | surroundings | everything out side of the system | | 46 |
| 2995061440 | first law of thermodynamics | known as the law of energy conservation, states that the energy in the universe is constant . IT CAN BE TRANSFERRED AND TRANSFORMED BUT CANNOT BE CREATED OR DESTROYED |  | 47 |
| 2995070822 | cellular respiration | the chemical energy stored in organic molecules is used to produce ATP, which the cell can use to perform work |  | 48 |
| 2995079693 | second law of thermodynamics | energy transformations result in the universe becoming more disordered | | 49 |
| 2995088545 | exergonic | Energy released | | 50 |
| 2995090569 | endergonic | Any process that absorbs energy | | 51 |
| 2995100194 | metabolism | the total of an organism's chemical reaction | | 52 |
| 2995106623 | metabolic pathway | a series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule or break down a complex molecule into simple compounds | | 53 |
| 2995113807 | energy coupling | the use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions | | 54 |
| 2995130269 | ATP | adenosine triphosphate; powers nearly all forms of cellular work; consist of an organic molecule called adenosine and a triphosphate tail of three phosphate groups. all negatively charged ; bonds are unstable |  | 55 |
| 2995158960 | adenosine diphosphate | ADP; when the bond of the 3rd group in ATP breaks and a phosphate will leave; energy is released | | 56 |
| 2995169178 | phosphorylation | the transfer of a phosphate group, usually from ATP, to a molecule. nearly all cellular work depends on ATP energizing other molecules by phosphorylation |  | 57 |
| 2995190807 | what type of work does a cell do? | chemical, transport, and mechanical | | 58 |
| 2995209985 | ordered structures tend towards _____.; high energy systems tend to change toward a more ______ state of energy. | disorder; stable | | 59 |
| 2995225193 | activation energy | Energy needed to get a reaction started |  | 60 |
| 2995235271 | enzymes | molecules that function as biological catalysts | | 61 |
| 2995252893 | substrate | A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme | | 62 |
| 2995265372 | active site | typically a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme |  | 63 |
| 2995283031 | catalytic cycle | substrate + enzyme --> enzyme substrate complex --> product + enzyme |  | 64 |
| 2995286945 | induced fit | Brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction. | | 65 |
| 2995300816 | human enzymes work best at ? | 35-40 degrees Celsius (95-104 degrees F) | | 66 |
| 2995307624 | prokaryotes enzymes living in hot springs work best at? | 70 *C (158*F) | | 67 |
| 2995323945 | optimal ph for enzymes is? | around neutral | | 68 |
| 2995327208 | cofactors | nonprotein helpers |  | 69 |
| 2995332313 | coenzyme | organic molecule in a cofactor | | 70 |
| 2995339232 | inhibitor | a chemical that interferes with an enzyme's activity | | 71 |
| 2995344410 | competitive inhibitor | reduces an enzyme's productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the activity site | | 72 |
| 2995349990 | noncompetitive inhibitor | does not enter the active site, instead binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme | | 73 |
| 2995355709 | cells use inhibitors for what purpose? | important regulators of cellular metabolism | | 74 |
| 2995360456 | feedback inhibition | A method of metabolic control in which the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway. |  | 75 |
| 2995367137 | what is the advantage to feedback inhibition ? | it prevents the cell from wasting valuable resources by synthesizing more of a particular product that is needed | | 76 |
| 2995381523 | name a common drug that inhibits an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins - messenger molecules that increase the sensation of pain and inflammation? | Ibuprofen |  | 77 |
| 2995392191 | what determines whether enzyme inhibition is reversible or irreversible? | if the inhibitor binds to the enzyme with covalent bonds, the inhibition is usually irreversible. when weak chemical interactions bind inhibitor and enzyme, the inhibition is reversible | | 78 |